AN ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN LADY BIRD FILM: A PRAGMATIC STUDY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30872/jbssb.v6i1.4314Keywords:
cooperative principle, maxims, conversational implicature, illocutionary actsAbstract
ABSTRACT
Every participant involved in communication process is assumed to be cooperative so that the intentions of verbal activities can be achieved. However, in reality, sending purposes is not always conveyed straightforwardly. In practice, a person may not get to the point of the conversation where s/he is expected to speak honestly, informatively, relevant, and appropriately that are remarkably understood by the interlocutor. In terms of language, this phenomenon is known as the conversational implicature in which participants prefer to imply their extra or hidden meaning that is communicated behind utterances spoken. From that kind of phenomenon, this research aims to examine the phenomenon in the conversation of the two main characters in the Lady Bird film by applying Grice's theory to determine the implicature form and Searle's illocutionary classification theory to determine the function of the implicatures as the main theories and the supporting theory by Hymes for portraying context of conversation which determines the factors that influence communication. This study also uses qualitative method and content analysis approach to process data in the form of dialogue to identify conversation implicatures which are categorized into two, namely generalized conversation implicature and particularized conversation implicature and the function classification in declarative, representative, directive, expressive and commissive form.
Key words: cooperative principle, maxims, conversational implicature, illocutionary acts
ABSTRAK
Dalam proses komunikasi, setiap partisipan diasumsikan bersedia untuk bekerja sama sehingga tujuan diadakannya kegiatan tersebut dapat tercapai. Penyampaian tujuan komunikasi pada kenyataannya tak selalu disampaikan secara lugas. Pada penerapannya, seseorang mungkin saja tidak langsung pada inti pembicaraan dimana si pembicara diharapkan untuk berbicara secara jujur, informatif, relevan, dan sesuai topik yang uniknya dapat dipahami dengan baik oleh lawan bicaranya. Dari sisi kebahasaan, fenomena tersebut dikenal dengan istilah implikatur percakapan dimana partisipan lebih memilih mengimplikasikan pesan mereka dengan mempertimbangkan konteks ujaran. Dengan kata lain, terdapat makna tambahan atau tersembunyi yang coba dikomunikasikan dibalik ujaran yang dituturkan. Berangkat dari fenomena itu, penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengkaji fenomena komunikasi tersebut dalam percakapan dua tokoh utama di film Lady Bird dengan menerapkan teori utama dari Grice untuk mengetahui bentuk implikatur dan teori klasifikasi tindak ilokusi dari Searle untuk menentukan fungsi dari bentuk implikatur yang telah diidentifikasi serta teori pendukung dari Hymes untuk menggambarkan konteks ujaran yang menentukan faktor yang mempengaruhi komunikasi. Metode kualitatif dan pendekatan analisis konten diterapkan dalam kajian ini untuk mengolah data yang berupa dialog untuk mengidentifikasi implikatur percakapan yang dikategorikan menjadi dua yaitu implikatur percakapan umum dan implikatur percakapan khusus dan klasifikasi fungsinya yang berupa deklaratif, representatif, direktif, ekspresif dan komisif.
Kata kunci: Implikatur percakapan, prinsip kerjasama, maksim, tindak ilokusi
References
Al-Qaderi, Issa AU. (2015). Conversational Implicature in Arabic: A Pragmatic Analysis of Applying Flouting the Maxims to the Yemeni Dialect. British Journal of English Linguistics, 7(6), 53-68. www.macrothink.org/
Cheney, George et al. (2011). Communication Ethics. New York: Routledge.
Davis, Wayne., & Edward N.Z, (ed). (2019). Implicature. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Falls 2019 Edition). https://plato.stanford.edu/
Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. http://doi:10.1111/ j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x.
Fishman, Joshua A (Ed.). (2012). Readings in the Sociology of Language (Printing 1977. Reprint 2012 Ed. edition). The Hague, Paris: De Gruyter Mouton.
Grice, H.P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In P. Cole and J. L. Morgan (Eds.) Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press.
Huda, Miftahul. (2012). ¬¬¬Conversational Implicature Found in Dialogue of Euro Trip Movie (Thesis, Brawijaya University, Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia). https://www.neliti.com/id/publications/202487/conversational-implicature-found-in-dialogue-of-euro-trip-movie
Kravchenko, N.K. (2017). INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS VIA CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES AND PRAGMATIC PRESUPPOSITIONS. Cognition Communication Discourse, 14, 54-66. http://doi: 10.26565/2218-2926-2017-14-05
Ma, Xiaoyu. (2016). A Case Study on Characters in Pride and Prejudice: From Perspectives of Speech Act Theory and Conversational Implicature. International Journal of English Linguistics, 6(4), 136-143. researchgate.net/
Mey, Jacob L. (2001). Pragmatics: An Introduction. London: Blackwell Publisher.
Nadar, F. X. (2013). Pragmatik & Penelitian Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Ostman, J.O., and J. Verschueren. (2006). ‘Default Interpretations’. In Katarzyna M Jaszczolt (eds. April, 23 2018) Handbook of Pragmatics Online volume 10. https://plato.stanford.edu/
Siregar, Rahmat Fuad. (2018). An Analysis of Conversational Implicature in V for Vendetta Movie (Thesis, Sumatera Utara University, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340560317_An_analysis_of_presupposition_used_in_V_for_Vendetta
Widdowson, H. G. (1996). Pragmatics: George Yule. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Every work in Ilmu Budaya: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Budaya is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
