Peran Identitas Keagamaan terhadap Perilaku Menyumbang pada Mahasiswa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v10i1.7446Keywords:
Identitas agama, identitas sosial, ingroup favouritism, outgroup derogation, perilaku menyumbangAbstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran identitas keagamaan ingroup, identitas neutral, dan identitas keagamaan outgroup dalam perilaku menyumbang. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan quasi-experimental dengan six-group-posttest-only design. 142 eksperimentee yang dipilih secara acak mewakili enam kelompok kemahasiswaan. Priming identitas ingroup, outgroup, dan neutral diukur efeknya menggunakan kuesioner intensi menyumbang. Data hasil eksperimen kemudian dianalisis menggunakan Kruskall-Wallis test dan analisis post hoc menggunakan Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan intensi menyumbang yang signifikan terhadap mereka yang seiman (ingroup), tidak diketahui identitas keagamaannya (netral), maupun yang berbeda agama (outgroup). Hasil post hoc test menunjukkan bahwa intensi menyumbang terhadap ingroup lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibanding intensi menyumbang neutral. Begitupula, intensi menyumbang terhadap outgroup secara signifikan lebih rendah dibanding intensi menyumbang neutral. Analisis per kelompok menunjukkan bahwa eksposur identitas keagamaan tidak berfungsi efektif pada semua kelompok mahasiswa karena terdapat dua kelompok mahasiswa yang tidak menunjukkan perbedaan intensi menyumbang baik terhadap ingroup, neutral, maupun outgroup. Implikasi dan saran dari temuan tersebut didiskusikan lebih lanjut.References
Agarwala, R., Mishra, P., & Singh, R. (2019). Religiosity and consumer behavior: a summarizing review. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 16(1), 32–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2018.1495098
Alimin, A., & Musthofa, M. A. (2019). HUBUNGAN ANTARA INGROUP FAVORITISM DAN PERILAKU PROSOSIAL. JURNAL PSIKOLOGI INSIGHT, 3(1), 32–45. https://doi.org/10.17509/INSIGHT.V3I1.22250
Armstrong, K. (2013). Compassion: 12 Langkah Menuju Hidup Berbelas Kasih. Mizan.
Azzahra, F. A., & Ampuni, S. (2021). Prosocial Intentions towards Religious Ingroup and Outgroup Members among Adolescents from Public and Religious Schools. Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 6(3), 73–91. https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v6i3.15401
Batara, J. B. L., Franco, P. S., Quiachon, M. A. M., & Sembrero, D. R. M. (2016). Effects of religious priming concepts on prosocial behavior towards ingroup and outgroup. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 12(4), 635–644. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v12i4.1170
BAZNAS. (2017). Pola dan Perilaku Menyumbang Masyarakat Muslim Indonesia, Survey 4 Kota: Jakarta, Padang, Makassar, ternate. In Pusat Kajian Strategis Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (BAZNAS) (Cetakan I). Pusat Kajian Strategis Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (BAZNAS). https://www.puskasbaznas.com/publications/books/625-pola-dan-perilaku-menyumbang-masyarakat-muslim-indonesia-survey-4-kota-jakarta-padang-makassar-ternate
Benjamin, D. J., Choi, J. J., & Fisher, G. (2016). Religius Identity and Economic Behavior. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(4), 617–637. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST
Borinca, I., Andrighetto, L., Valsecchi, G., & Berent, J. (2021). Ingroup norms shape understanding of outgroup prosocial behaviors. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220987604
Borinca, I., Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., Andrighetto, L., & Durante, F. (2021). Outgroup prejudice and perceptions of prosocial intergroup behaviors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2712
Brewer, M. B. (2016). Intergroup Discrimination: Ingroup Love or Outgroup Hate? The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice, 90–110. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316161579.005
Cruwys, T., Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., Jetten, J., & Dingle, G. A. (2016). Social Identity Mapping: A procedure for visual representation and assessment of subjective multiple group memberships. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(4), 613–642. https://doi.org/10.1111/BJSO.12155
ElBassiouny, A., & Sloan, L. R. (2018). Effects of Religious versus Moral Identity Priming on the Evaluation of Ingroup and Outgroup Targets. North American Journal of Psychology, 20, 69. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A529864260/HRCA?u=anon~4701a7e2&sid=googleScholar&xid=e88e7957
Galen, L. W., Sharp, M., & McNulty, A. (2015). Nonreligious Group Factors Versus Religious Belief in the Prediction of Prosociality. Social Indicators Research, 122(2), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0700-0
Goalwin, G. J. (2018). “Religion and Nation are One”: Social Identity Complexity and the Roots of Religious Intolerance in Turkish Nationalism. Social Science History, 42(2), 161–182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2018.6
Graupensperger, S. A., Jensen, C. J., & Evans, M. B. (2018). A meta-analytic review of studies using the Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sport Scale: Associations among intergroup moral behaviors. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7(2), 186–204. https://doi.org/10.1037/SPY0000121
Guo, Q., Liu, Z., & Tian, Q. (2020). Religiosity and Prosocial Behavior at National Level. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000171
Hamley, L., Houkamau, C. A., Osborne, D., Barlow, F. K., & Sibley, C. G. (2020). Ingroup Love or Outgroup Hate (or Both)? Mapping Distinct Bias Profiles in the Population. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(2), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219845919
Henry. (2020). Transparansi Jadi Kunci Donasi di Masa Pandemi. Liputan6.Com. https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4354226/cerita-akhir-pekan-transparansi-jadi-kunci-donasi-di-masa-pandemi Highlight
kominfo.go.id. (2019). [DISINFORMASI] Donasi Konsumen Untuk Sumbangan Gereja. Kominfo.Go.Id. https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/16119/disinformasi-donasi-konsumen-untuk-sumbangan-gereja/0/laporan_isu_hoaks Highlight
Maiya, S., Carlo, G., Landor, A. M., & Memmott-Elison, M. K. (2020). Ethnic-Racial and Religious Identity as Mediators of Relations Between Ethnic-Racial Socialization and Prosocial Behaviors Among Black Young Adults: Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0095798420971388, 47(1), 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798420971388
Mallinas, S. R., & Conway, P. (2021). If You Don’t Believe in God, Do You at Least Believe in Aristotle? Evaluations of Religious Outgroup Members Hinge upon Moral Perceptions. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1916240.
Marfu’ah, U., & Sulthon, Moh. (2015). KOMUNIKASI BRAND LEMBAGA DAKWAH: Studi pada Lembaga Amil Zakat Rumah Zakat. Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah, 35(1), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.21580/jid.v35.1.1256
Meinarno, E. A., & Sarwono, S. W. (Eds.). (2018). Psikologi Sosial (2nd ed.). Penerbit Salemba Humanika.
Nesdale, D. (2017). The Wiley Handbook of Group Processes in Children and Adolescents - Google Books. In A. Rutland, D. Nesdale, & C. S. Brown (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook of Group Processes in Children and Adolescents (1st ed., pp. 3–22). John Wiley & Son Ltd.
Pazhoohi, F., Pinho, M., & Arantes, J. (2017). Effect of Religious Day on Prosocial Behavior: A Field Study. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 27(2), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2017.1301742
Piara, M., Nurdin, M. N. H., Zainuddin, K., & Abrar, K. P. (2021). Pengaruh In-group favoritism terhadap Perilaku Diskriminasi Pada Karyawan Etnis Tionghoa Di Makassar. Jurnal Sosialisasi: Jurnal Hasil Pemikiran, Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Keilmuan Sosiologi Pendidikan, 8(2), 170–176. https://doi.org/10.26858/SOSIALISASI.V1I1.23221
Piotrowski, J. P., & Zemojtel-Piotrowska, M. (2020). Spiritual Transcendence and Helping Behavior: Helping Toward Ingroups and Outgroups. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. https://doi.org/10.1037/REL0000386
Pratomo, Y. (2015). Tahukah Anda ke mana uang receh sumbangan pelanggan Alfamart. M.Merdeka.Com. https://m.merdeka.com/peristiwa/tahukah-anda-kemana-uang-receh- Highlight
Rachmanputra, O. A., & Milla, M. N. (2019). Perspektif Tuhan atau Manusia? Pengaruh Sudut Pandang terhadap Penilaian Bias dalam Kelompok. Jurnal Psikologi Sosial, 17(2), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.7454/jps.2019.14
Rachmat, G., Ariyanto, A., & Yustisia, W. (2018). “Aku mau bantu karena aku merasa dekat”: Peran identity fusion sebagai moderator dalam pengaruh jarak sosial terhadap perilaku berdonasi kepada lembaga amal. Jurnal Psikologi Sosial, 16(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.7454/JPS.2018.1
Ressler, R. W., Paxton, P., & Velasco, K. (2021). Donations in social context. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 31(4), 693–715. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21449
Richardson, J. T. E. (2018). The use of Latin-square designs in educational and psychological research. Educational Research Review, 24, 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EDUREV.2018.03.003
Sabanathan, D., Brown, J., Sekamanya, S., Hough, M., & Sutton, J. (2016). Social Identity Complexity Theory: Attitudes Towards Diversity and Its Relationship with Nationalism, Religiosity, and Aggression. Papers from the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Conferences. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/iaccp_papers/190
Sakina, N. P., & Ampuni, S. (2019). Intensi Prososial Anak terhadap Ingroup dan Outgroup Berbasis Agama. http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/172935
Sarea, A., & Bin-Nashwan, S. A. (2021). Guide to giving during the COVID-19 pandemic: the moderating role of religious belief on donor attitude. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 37(1), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-08-2020-0133
Stevens, F., & Taber, K. (2021). The neuroscience of empathy and compassion in pro-social behavior. Neuropsychologia, 92(June), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107925
Tsang, J. A., Al-Kire, R. L., & Ratchford, J. L. (2021). Prosociality and religion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 40, 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.025
Umam, C. (2021). Zulhas Soal Donasi Palestina: Jika Tidak Mau Membantu, Jangan Halangi Orang Lai. Tribbunnews.Com. https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2021/06/01/zulhas-soal-donasi-palestina-jika-tidak-mau-membantu-jangan-halangi-orang-lain Highlight
van Dommelen, A., Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Gonsalkorale, K., & Brewer, M. (2015). Construing multiple ingroups: Assessing social identity inclusiveness and structure in ethnic and religious minority group members. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 386–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/EJSP.2095
Weingarten, E., Chen, Q., McAdams, M., Yi, J., & Helper, J. (2016). From Primed Concepts to Action: A Meta-Analysis of the Behavioral Effects of Incidentally Presented Words. Psychological Bulletin, 142(5), 4772–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000030.supp
Willard, A. K. (2017). Religion and prosocial behavior among the Indo-Fijians. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/2153599X.2016.1267032, 8(2), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2016.1267032
Xia, W., Guo, X., Luo, J., Ye, H., Chen, Y., Chen, S., & Xia, W. (2021). Religious identity, between-group effects and prosocial behavior: Evidence from a field experiment in China. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics , 91(March 2020), 101665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2021.101665
Xygalatas, D., Klocová, E. K., Cigán, J., Kundt, R., Maňo, P., Kotherová, S., Mitkidis, P., Wallot, S., & Kanovsky, M. (2016). Location, Location, Location: Effects of Cross-Religious Primes on Prosocial Behavior. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 26(4), 304–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2015.1097287
Zagefka, H., & Holloway, R. (2022). Prosociality during COVID-19: Globally focussed solidarity brings greater benefits than nationally focussed solidarity. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/CASP.2553
