Adoption of Artificial Intelligence Among Teachers in Indonesia: Testing the UTAUT Model and Institutional Support
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30872/whxvrh35Abstract
This study aims to explain the factors influencing the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) among teachers in Indonesia using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model and institutional support. A quantitative non-experimental approach with an explanatory descriptive design to elucidate the role of factors in AI adoption among teachers. The UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) model is a theoretical framework for predicting and understanding users' acceptance and use of new technology (Venkatesh et al., 2003). A total of 214 teachers in Indonesia who have used AI in teaching activities participated in this study through convenience sampling. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results show that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and institutional support play a role in the behavioral intention to use AI. Additionally, facilitating conditions and behavioral intention play roles in AI adoption. Conversely, social influence does not affect behavioural intention. These findings indicate that teachers’ use of AI is influenced more by perceived usefulness, ease of use, institutional support, and individual intention to use AI than by social influences from their surrounding environment. Overall, the research findings emphasize the importance of providing institutional support, training, and adequate resources to optimally enhance AI adoption among Indonesian teachers.
Adopsi kecerdasan buatan (AI) dalam pendidikan berkembang pesat dan mendukung pembelajaran yang personal, adaptif, serta efisien bagi guru. Namun, kesiapan digital guru di Indonesia masih rendah, dengan hanya sekitar 45% guru memenuhi standar kompetensi digital. Penelitian terdahulu berbasis Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) di Indonesia juga masih terbatas pada karakteristik guru tertentu dan belum menguji konstruk inti secara utuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan faktor-faktor adopsi AI pada guru di Indonesia menggunakan model UTAUT serta dukungan institusional. Pendekatan kuantitatif non-eksperimental dengan rancangan deskriptif eksplanatori digunakan pada 214 guru yang telah menggunakan AI dalam mengajar, dipilih melalui convenience sampling. Data dianalisis menggunakan Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa performance expectancy, effort expectancy, dan institutional support berperan terhadap behavioral intention to use AI, sedangkan facilitating conditions dan behavioral intention berperan terhadap adopsi AI. Sebaliknya, social influence tidak berpengaruh terhadap behavioral intention. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa persepsi manfaat, kemudahan penggunaan, dukungan institusional, dan niat individu lebih berperan dibandingkan pengaruh sosial. Dengan demikian, penyediaan dukungan institusional, pelatihan, dan sumber daya yang memadai penting untuk meningkatkan adopsi AI guru di Indonesia.
References
Acosta-Enriquez, B. G., Ramos Farroñan, E. V., Villena Zapata, L. I., Mogollon Garcia, F. S., Rabanal-León, H. C., Angaspilco, J. E. M., & Bocanegra, J. C. S. (2024). Acceptance of artificial intelligence in university contexts: A conceptual analysis based on UTAUT2 theory. Heliyon, 10(19), e38315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38315
Acharya, A. S., Prakash, A., Saxena, P., & Nigam, A. (2013). Sampling: Why and How of It. Indian Journal of Medical Specialties, 4, 330-333. https://doi.org/10.7713/ijms.2013.0032
Acosta-Enriquez, B. G., Ramos Farroñan, E. V., Villena Zapata, L. I., Mogollon Garcia, F. S., Rabanal-León, H. C., Angaspilco, J. E. M., & Bocanegra, J. C. S. (2024). Acceptance of artificial intelligence in university contexts: A conceptual analysis based on UTAUT2 theory. Heliyon, 10(19), e38315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38315
Andika Pramana Nugraha. (2020). Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja dan Kompetensi Terhadap Kinerja Guru. Psikoborneo Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 8(2), 221–221. https://doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v8i2.4905
Apandi, I. (2024, December 13). BAGAIMANA IMPLEMENTASI 3 PILAR DEEP LEARNING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN? | BBPMP JABAR. Bbpmpjabar.id; Kemendikdasmen BBPMP Provinsi Jawa Barat. https://www.bbpmpjabar.id/bagaimana-implementasi-3-pilar-deep-learning-dalam-pembelajaran/
Arief, N. N., & Saputra, M. A. A. (2019). Kompetensi Baru Public Relations (PR) Pada Era Artificial Intelligence : Jurnal Sistem Cerdas, 2(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.37396/jsc.v2i1.19
Ayu, F. A. (2021). Stabilitas Emosi Dengan Kesiapan Mengajar Pada Guru Full Day School. Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 9(3), 676. https://doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v9i3.6508
Baidoo, J., & Saba Adzifome, N. (2025). Demographic Factors as Predictors of AI Use: A Focus on Postgraduate Teachers. Current Perspectives in Educational Research, 8(2), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.46303/cuper.2025.4
Batubara, H. H., Siddiq, M., Risfianti, A., & Saharani, A. (2025). Bridging Artificial Intelligence Literacy and Technology Acceptance Among Elementary School Teachers: Evidence from a Structural Equation Model. Al Ibtida: Jurnal Pendidikan Guru MI, 12(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.24235/al.ibtida.snj.v12i1.20259
Biswas, M., & Murray, J. (2024, August). The impact of education level on AI reliance, habit formation, and usage. In 2024 29th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC) (pp. 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAC61394.2024.10718860
Bitangcol, R. I. S., IbañezE. D., & Pentang, J. T. (2026). View of Socio-Cognitive Factors Affecting the Behavioral Intention of Preservice Teachers to Use Educational Technology. Myres.net. https://www.ijlter.myres.net/index.php/ijlter/article/view/2040/2066
Choi, S., Jang, Y., & Kim, H. (2023). Influence of Pedagogical Beliefs and Perceived Trust on Teachers' Acceptance of Educational Artificial Intelligence Tools. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 39(4), 910–922. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2049145
Christensen, L. B., Johnson, R. B., & Turner, L. A. (2019). Research methods, design, and analysis (13th ed.). Pearson.
Cisco, “CISCO Annual Report,” Cisco, 2020, [Online]. Available:https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/executive-perspectives/annual-internet-report/white-paper-c11-741490.html.
Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2022). Understanding the intention-behavior gap: The role of intention strength. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(13). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923464
Dani, A. K. (2015). Hubungan Komunikasi Organisasi dan Komitmen Organisasi Dengan Manajemen Konflik Pada Guru. Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v3i3.3785
Erol, M., & Erol, A. (2024). Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technologies in Education According to Primary School Teachers: Opportunities and Challenges. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 14(3), 426–446. https://doi.org/10.19126/SUJE.144622
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5, 1-4. https:/doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Faizah, S. N., & Prakoso, J. A. (2021). Analisis Perubahan Konsumsi E-commerce Di Indonesia Selama Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 10(2), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.23960/jep.v10i2.249
Farooqi, M. T. K., Amanat, I., & Awan, S. M. (2024). Ethical considerations and challenges in the integration of artificial intelligence in education: A systematic review. Journal of Excellence in Management Sciences, 3(4), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.69565/jems.v3i4.314
Fathurrachman, S., & Saputri, N. E. (2025). Teacher's Perceptions and Institutional Preparedness For Implementing AI in Learning Assessment at The Elementary School Level. IQRO: Journal of Islamic Education, 8(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.24256/IQRO.V8I1.6484
Fauzi, A., 2018. Pengaruh Behavioral Intention Terhadap Use Behavior Pada Penggunaan Aplikasi Transportasi Online (Studi Kasus Pada Pengguna Go-Jek dan Grab Di Kalangan Mahasiswa Telkom University). e-Proceeding of Management , 5(2), pp. 1790-1796
Granström, M., & Oppi, P. (2025). Assessing Teachers' Readiness and Perceived Usefulness of AI in Education: An Estonian Perspective. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1622240. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1622240
Hazzan-Bishara, A., Kol, O., & Levy, S. (2025). The factors affecting teachers’ adoption of AI technologies: A unified model of external and internal determinants. Education and Information Technologies, 30(11), 15043–15069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13393-z
Islam Taufik, S. C., Rismayanti, R., Sopian, D. R., & Dede Saputra, A. A. (2023). The Influence Of The Development Of Artificial Intelligence Technology In The Industrial Field. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 4(8), 1186–1199. https://doi.org/10.59141/jist.v4i8.657
Jailani, A., & Afliani, R. (2025). Peran Kecerdasan Buatan dan Kompetensi Guru dalam Pemerataan Pendidikan Berkualitas di Indonesia. Jurnal Riset Pendidikan, 3(1), 1–11. https://ejournal.ranedu.my.id/index.php/pendiri/article/view/115/81
Kasneci, E., Sessler, K., Küchemann, S., Bannert, M., Dementieva, D., Fischer, F., Gasser, U., Groh, G., Günnemann, S., Hüllermeier, E., Krusche, S., Kutyniok, G., Michaeli, T., Nerdel, C., Pfeffer, J., Poquet, O., Sailer, M., Schmidt, A., Seidel, T., & Stadler, M. (2023). ChatGPT for good? on Opportunities and Challenges of Large Language Models for Education. Learning and Individual Differences, 103(102274). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274
Khairi, M. I., Susanti, D., & Sukono, S. (2021). Study on Structural Equation Modeling for Analyzing Data. International Journal of Ethno-Sciences and Education Research, 1(3), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.46336/ijeer.v1i3.295
Kubovics, M. (2025). The impact of age groups' attitudes towards artificial intelligence and data protection. International Journal of Business and Economics Research, 14(3), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijber.20251403.13
Langreo, L. (2026, January 12). More Teachers Are Using AI in Their Classrooms. Here’s Why. Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/technology/more-teachers-are-using-ai-in-their-classrooms-heres-why/2026/01
Lucas, M., Zhang, Y., Bem-haja, P., & Vicente, P. N. (2024). The interplay between teachers' trust in artificial intelligence and digital competence. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10639-024-12772-2
Manongga, Danny, Rahardja, Untung, Sembiring, Irwan, Lutfiani, Ninda, & Yadila, Ahmad Bayu. (2022). Dampak Kecerdasan Buatan Bagi Pendidikan. ADI Bisnis Digital Interdisiplin Jurnal, 3(2), 41–55.
Mulyadi, Mohammad. 2019. “Penelitian Kuantitatif Dan Kualitatif Serta Pemikiran Dasar Menggabungkannya [Quantitative and Qualitative Research and Basic Rationale to Combine Them].” Jurnal Studi Komunikasi Dan Media 15 (1): 128.
Obedencio, A. B. (2025). Teachers’ perceptions of artificial intelligence in education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Learning, 10(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.55217/101.v10i1.5941
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants.
Quizlet. (2023, July 24). Quizlet’s State of AI in Education Survey Reveals Teachers Are Surprise AI Champions. Www.prnewswire.com. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/quizlets-state-of-ai-in-education-survey-reveals-teachers-are-surprise-ai-champions-301884427.html
Ratumanan, E. A., & Krismiyati, K. (2025). The Use of AI for Learning Planning Viewed from the UTAUT Perspective. International Journal of Active Learning, 10(2), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijal.v10i2.32387
Riskawati, R., Savitri, N. R. H., & Wahab, A. (2023). Findings on the Evolution of Pre-and Post-Covid-19 Digital Payment Systems in Indonesia: Systematic Literature Review. Indonesian Journal of Contemporary Multidisciplinary Research, 2(6), 1231–1244. https://doi.org/10.55927/modern.v2i6.6771
Ruliyanta, R., Nugroho, R., & Kusumoputro, R. A. S. (2023). Data Traffic Patterns on Urban Residential WiFi during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Journal of Advanced Computing Technology and Application (JACTA), 5(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.54554/jacta.2023.05.01.004
Sari, M., Rachman, H., Astuti, N. J., Afgani, M. W., & Siroj, R. A. (2022). Explanatory Survey dalam Metode Penelitian Deskriptif Kuantitatif. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains dan Komputer, 3(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.47709/jpsk.v3i01.1953
Sigala, L. (2016). Hubungan Persepsi Siswa Tentang Cara Mengajar Guru Dengan Motivasi Belajar Siswa yang Pernah Mengikuti Remedial. Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v4i3.4088
Siregar, J., Badriah, A., Aprilia, S., & Saifudin, A. (2025). Integrasi Manajemen Pendidikan, Deep Learning, dan AI dalam Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah di SMK Kesehatan. Al-Gafari Jurnal Manajemen Dan Pendidikan , 3(2). https://www.jurnal.zarilgapari.org/index.php/gafari/article/view/202/259
Strzelecki, A. (2023). Students’ Acceptance of ChatGPT in Higher Education: An Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Innovative Higher Education, 49(2), 223–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-023-09686-1
Trinoto, Andreas Adi, & Valentino, V. H. (2021). PENYULUHAN KECERDASAN BUATAN (AI) PADA KEHIDUPAN KITA KEPADA WARGA VILLA CASABLANCA DEPOK. Jurnal PkM (Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat), 4(4), 406–409.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User Acceptance of Information technology: toward a Unified View. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425–478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540
Widianingsih, Z. (2025). Transforming the Role of Teachers in the AI Era: An Analysis Critical to Competence Professionals and Needs Training in Indonesia. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 1(2), 90–101.
Yan, L., Sha, L., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Chen, G., Li, X., Jin, Y., & Gašević, D. (2024). Practical and ethical challenges of large language models in education: A systematic scoping review. British Journal of Educational Technology, 55(1), 90–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/BJET.13370
Yu, C.-L. (2025). Fear of missing out on AI: A psychological cost of technological revolution. Telematics and Informatics Reports, 20, 100277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2025.100277
Yusuf, F. A. (2025). Trends, opportunities, and challenges of artificial intelligence in elementary education - A systematic literature review. Journal of Integrated Elementary Education, 5(1), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.21580/JIEED.V5I1.25594
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
