Is Coercion Parenting Bad? Corelational Study Between Coercion Parenting and Life Satisfaction

ABSTRACT


BACKGROUND
Life satisfaction is a subjective evaluation of one's quality of life based on a comparison between one's expectations and achievements (Diener et al., 1985;Proctor et al., 2008;Veenhoven, 1996).Life satisfaction affects various things in human life during their life journey, this also happens from the beginning of life.In the life of adolescents, life satisfaction can be a marker of successful psychological development and also a predictor of the possibility of psychological disorders (Goldbeck et al., 2007;Proctor et al., 2008) so it is important to see how life satisfaction in adolescents so that they can develop optimally.Life satisfaction of adolescents can influence and be influenced by various things such as personality, physical health, productivity, social relationships, environment, culture, risk behavior, disability, psychophysiological problems, psychopathology, and character (Proctor et al., 2008).
The thing that has the most influence on adolescent life satisfaction is the relationship between adolescents and their parents as seen from parental care (Abubakar et al., 2015;Pérez-Fuentes et al., 2019;Proctor et al., 2008).Parenting is a psychological concept that combines attitudes, behaviors, and approaches used by parents in raising their children (Singh & Behmani, 2021).In various studies, a widely used parenting approach is Baumrind's parenting approach which is based on two dimensions: demandingness and responsiveness, resulting in four parenting patterns: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and neglect.
Baumrind's parenting approach is called the typology approach which usually combines specific parenting dimensions to form parenting styles or groups.Skinner et al. (2005) provide another approach, the dimensional approach, which discusses each parenting dimension separately (Abidin et al., 2019).The use of a dimensional approach can be used to understand the influence of each dimension on other variables and can see how culture influences each dimension separately (Abidin et al., 2019).Skinner et al., (2005) which divides parenting into six dimensions with positive dimensions namely warmth, structure, autonomy support and negative dimensions namely rejection, chaos, coercion.(1) The warmth dimension is parenting that emphasizes the expression of affection, love, appreciation, kindness and attention; (2) The rejection dimension is parenting where parents actively dislike their children and are expressed by rejection including aversion, hostility, violence, overreaction, irritability, and explosiveness; (3) The structure dimension is parenting by providing clear expectations for mature behavior combined with consistent and appropriate limit setting; (4) The chaos dimension is parenting behavior that is non-contingent, inconsistent, erratic, unpredictable, unreliable, arbitrary, or, in general, disruptive of means and ends; (5) The autonomy support dimension is parenting by allowing children free choice and expression to communicate genuine respect and deference and encouraging children to actively discover, explore, and articulate their own views, goals, and preferences; (6) The coercion dimension is parenting that emphasizes restriction and control (Skinner et al., 2005).It is said that coercion parenting is a key feature of authoritarian parenting.
Research conducted by Suldo and Huebner (2004) showed that each component of authoritative parenting, parental social support, structure, and psychological autonomy granting has a relationship with life satisfaction in adolescents with parental social support being the relationship with the greatest significance.Other research conducted in several southeastern European countries found the same thing, that exposure to authoritative parenting give a higher level of life satisfaction than other parenting, it is also said that exposure to authoritative parenting is identified as the most important factor in higher levels of life satisfaction in children.(Lavrič & Naterer, 2020).
When compared to other parenting, authoritative parenting characterized by providing both warmth and rules is said to make children have higher life satisfaction compared to authoritarian parenting where parenting focuses on providing rules and permissive parenting characterized by parenting with a focus only on providing warmth (Raboteg-Saric & Sakic, 2014).Lavrič and Naterer (2020) found that pure authoritarian parenting has a significant negative influence on children's life satisfaction.So, it can be said that parenting that focuses on providing rules and restrictions can have a negative effect on children's life satisfaction.
If you look at the previous explanation, it can be said that parenting with a combination of warmth and regulation predicts higher results in the aspect of life satisfaction in children and parenting that only focuses on one thing has lower results or has a negative relationship on children's life satisfaction.Whereas for countries in Asia such as Indonesia, the parenting pattern that is widely used is authoritarian parenting or providing rules and foundations in order to prepare children to enter a more collectivist and competitive culture (Riany et al., 2017).Other findings regarding parenting in Indonesia found that the dominant positive dimension of parenting is structure parenting and the dominant negative dimension is coercion parenting, both of which are related to providing rules and restrictions (Novianti & Alfiasari, 2017).
So these results can also illustrate that most adolescents in Indonesia with parents who parented them with authoritarian and coercion approaches should have lower life satisfaction, but different results were found that based on a survey conducted by IPSOS (2013), 92% of Indonesian respondents said that they were happy and had the largest percentage compared to other countries with one aspect of happiness seen is their life satisfaction.Other data conducted in Indonesia by the (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2017) also shows that life satisfaction in people under 24 years old has the highest life satisfaction index at 71.42.
Coercion parenting has been shown to have a negative influence on various psychological aspects of children (Hamdani, 2019;Lavrič & Naterer, 2020;Raboteg-Saric & Sakic, 2014;Saha et al., 2010;Setiawan, 2017).However, different things were found in Indonesia.In a study conducted in Indonesia by Abidin et al (2022) it was found that thwarting parenting positively predicted satisfaction of basic psychological needs, especially in coercion parenting.This is said to occur because adolescents perceive rules from parents as a form of attention, the purpose of parenting in eastern countries related to expectations and control from parents, and the cultural influence on the family hierarchy structure in Indonesia where children are taught to obey parents.
Other differences in research results seen in Indonesian adolescents who feel their parents tend to have authoritarian parenting or regulate and limit them, such as that there is no relationship between autoritarian parenting and symptoms of adolescent aggressive behavior (Dewi & Susilawati, 2016), there is no relationship between authoritarian parenting and adolescent self-concept (Kemit et al., 2019) and authoritarian parenting has a significant effect on adolescent social adjustment (Nengsih, 2020).
Culture also plays an important role in the process of a person perceiving their life satisfaction.Culture influences how a person defines themselves.Western countries that are more individualistic encourage people to feel good about themselves, while countries that have a more collectivist view encourage people to enter, participate, and be part of their social environment (Diener & Diener, 1995).This makes a difference where in western cultures one is taught to like oneself and it is a process of adjustment, whereas in more collective cultures feeling good about oneself can be a sign of maladjustment (Diener & Diener, 1995).
This makes western parents believe that better parenting is authoritative rather than authoritarian because it aims to teach their children to be more independent, assertive, and confident (Riany et al., 2017).For countries in Asia such as Indonesia, authoritarian parenting is widely used to prepare their children to enter a more collectivist and competitive culture (Riany et al., 2017).This is also the case in China where the relationship between authoritarian parenting and life satisfaction has the lowest correlation value compared to other parenting patterns (Xie et al., 2016).
"Bila bentakan kecilku, patahkan hatimu, lebih keras dari itu, dunia kan menghakimimu" a snippet of lyrics from "Saat Kau Telah Mengerti" by Indonesian singer Virgoun, illustrates how parents in Indonesia prepare their children to deal with the world in a collectivist country.In Indonesia, this also happens a lot during the selection of schools or the continuation of adolescent studies where parents are very involved in the decision to choose a study program after graduating from high school (Fahriannur et al., 2022).This also influences children where children in Asian countries see parental regulation as a form of concern and affection, whereas those in countries with more individualistic cultures view this parenting as a form of anger and rejection from parent (Abidin et al., 2022).
In the context of cultural differences, it was also found that parenting in collectivist countries that regulate children a lot has less negative influence or no influence on child development than in individualist countries (Abidin et al., 2022).So, this study will see whether there is a relationship between coercion parenting and life satisfaction in Indonesia.

RESEARCH METHODS
This study uses a non-experimental quantitative approach which means that research is conducted using numerical data, without manipulation of variables and no differences in tasks on research respondents used to explain the size and direction of the relationship between variables (Johnson & Christensen, 2017).
Nonprobability sampling technique in the form of convenience sampling was used for collecting research samples.The G*Power (3.1) application was used to obtain the sample size (Faul et al., 2007).To get an effect size at a moderate level of 0.15 with an error probability of 0.05 and a statistical power of 80%, this study requires at least 273 respondents.In the research conducted in May 2023, 354 students in 4 high schools in Bandung city became respondents of this study.Based on data processing regarding respondents' willingness and criteria, 342 data can be used.Four respondents expressed unwillingness while as many as eight respondents did not live with both parents.
The research instruments used in this study consisted of two measuring instruments, namely the Parents As Social Context Questionnaire (PSCQ) (Parenting coercion) (Skinner et al., 2005) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale-Children (SWLS-C) (Diener et al., 1985).On the original PSCQ-Adolescent Report measuring instrument developed by Skinner et al. (2005) obtained the results of validity testing using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and obtained a CFI coercion value = 0.98 and obtained the results of the reliability test obtained an alpha value of 0.84.
In the adaptation of measuring instruments into Indonesian, reliability data was obtained 0.66 and validity calculations using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with the results of Chi-Square = 671.99 with df = 216, RMSEA = 0.039, GFI = 0.96, CFI = 0.97, and NFI = 96 on the entire measuring instrument (Abidin et al., 2019).In this study, validity and reliability were again tested using the help of the SPSS 25 application.Validity was tested using the product moment method and reliability was carried out by testing Cronbach's alpha.The validity test results show that each item has a significance value smaller than 0.05, which means that this measuring instrument is valid.For reliability, 0.566 was obtained, which means that this measuring instrument has weak reliability.
The psychometric properties of the SWLS-C measuring instrument have been proven reliable and valid, with validity data on the original measuring instrument seen from the item-total correlation of each item which is 0.81; 0.63; 0.61; 0.75; 0.66 (Diener et al., 1985).For the SWLS measuring instrument which has been adapted into Indonesian, it has an alpha value of 0.86 for reliability calculations and validity calculations using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with the results of chi-square = 0.52, RMSEA = 0.000, GFI = 0.995, SRMR = 0.013, NFI = 0.994, and CFI = 1.00 (Busubul et al., 2021).
In this study, validity and reliability were again tested using the help of the SPSS 25 application.Validity was tested using the product moment method and reliability was carried out by testing Cronbach's alpha.The validity test results show that each item has a significance value smaller than 0.05, which means that this measuring instrument is valid.For reliability, several 0.793 was obtained, which means that this measuring instrument is reliable.
The data collection technique was carried out by filling out a questionnaire containing a Likert scale in the form of a google form.Data analysis was conducted with a correlation test on parenting coercion and life satisfaction using the Spearman test using the SPSS version 26.0 application (George & Mallery, 2019).  1 shows the demographic data of the research respondents where most respondents are female and 16 years old.In terms of gender, 59.1% of respondents were female and the remaining 40.9% of respondents were male.In terms of age, 73.7% of respondents were 16 years old, 19.6% were 15 years old, and a small number of respondents were 17 and 18 years old (6.4% and 0.3%).Data collection regarding coercion parenting perceived by adolescents as recipients of parenting was carried out using the PSCQ measuring instrument.As presented in table 2, on average adolescent respondents get coercion treatment from their parents (Mean = 8.77), but on the other hand there is also data that shows no coercion parenting at all in children (the minimum value obtained is 4) and the highest has a value of 15 (maximum total 15).

RESEARCH RESULTS
The SWLS-C Measure was used to look at life satisfaction in adolescent respondents.The average value obtained from taking life satisfaction data is 13.25.From the minimum value and maximum value obtained when collecting data in the table, it can be said that there are respondents who are very dissatisfied with their lives and there are respondents who are very satisfied with their lives.
Data processing that is carried out is testing the correlation between the coercion parenting variable and adolescent life satisfaction.In this stage, the Spearman rank test is used to test the correlation between two independent variables.For this test, H0 was made "There is no relationship between coercion parenting and life satisfaction in adolescents".Testing using SPSS 25 resulted in a significance value of p = 0.0 (α = 0.05) so that H0 was rejected and a correlation coefficient of -.235.This means that the accepted hypothesis is "there is a relationship between parenting coercion and life satisfaction in adolescents" with a negative relationship.

DISCUSSION
This study aims to see if there is a relationship between coercion parenting and life satisfaction in Indonesia.Thwarting parenting which includes coercion parenting has a positive relationship with basic psychological need satisfaction in Indonesia (Abidin et al, 2022) but this is not the case for adolescents' satisfaction with their lives.In the research of Abidin et al. (2022) explained that adolescents can perceive rules and restrictions from parents as a form of attention so that children feel that their basic psychological needs are met.This relationship does not occur in life satisfaction, this study proves that coercion parenting has a negative relationship with adolescent life satisfaction, which means that the more children perceive that their parents practice coercion parenting, the lower their life satisfaction.This is in line with previous studies in other countries (Raboteg-Saric & Sakic, 2014;Saha et al., 2010).
Research conducted in looking at the relationship between types of parenting with life satisfaction and depressive symptoms conducted in Romania, France and Russia also proves that the relationship between parenting and life satisfaction is not influenced by culture (Gherasim et al., 2017).This is likely to happen because life satisfaction is a person's evaluation arising from comparing the conditions, they feel in their lives with the ideal conditions they expect in their lives.In adolescents who are in the process of trying to gain greater independence and autonomy so that the ideal conditions they might expect are starting to want to independently break away from parents.However, with the prosecution of restrictions and regulations applied by parents, this can make adolescents feel that they lack sufficient space to develop independence (Leung & Shek, 2020), which creates a gap between their ideal of independence and the reality of restrictions from parents.
In explaining what can affect adolescents' life satisfaction, an analysis was conducted based on the four determinants of life satisfaction proposed by Veenhoven (1996) and data collected by Proctor et al. (2008) regarding the things that affect adolescents' life satisfaction.Veenhoven (1996) said that there are four determinants of the formation of life satisfaction, namely life opportunities, certain events, experiences, and life evaluation.
Life opportunities can be explained through social resources (economic well-being, social equality, political freedom, culture, moral rules, etc.), individual abilities (physical health, mental state, social abilities, intellectual abilities, etc.), and personal resources (social position, material property, political influence, social prestige, family ties, etc.), (Veenhoven, 1996).Regarding societal resources, Proctor et al. (2008) found that the socioeconomic situation of adolescents also affects their life satisfaction.Adolescents with home environments that have high levels of problems, live in industrial or commercial neighborhoods, live in unattended homes, or live in rented housing reported lower life satisfaction compared to children living in residential neighborhoods (Proctor et al., 2008).Cultural values are also said to have a positive influence on the level of life satisfaction of adolescents, where adolescents who perceive higher cultural values have higher life satisfaction than the opposite (Proctor et al., 2008).
As in adults, individual abilities also affect adolescents' life satisfaction.In their writing, Proctor et al. (2008) said that physical abilities and health, sports, physical and mental limitations, goals and motivation, achievements also affect adolescents' life satisfaction.This can be related to selfesteem in adolescents who do a lot of social comparison (Riany et al., 2017).So that the achievements obtained can increase their self-esteem.Self-esteem itself is the biggest predictor of life satisfaction (Diener & Diener, 1985).Meanwhile, parenting that emphasizes restriction and regulation has a negative influence on self-esteem (Aziz et al., 2021).
For personal resources, the most discussed factor affecting adolescents' life satisfaction is family ties.Parents' marital status, relationship with siblings, social support, family functioning, and parenting are said to have an influence on life satisfaction (Proctor et al., 2008).Parenting is said to be the biggest factor influencing adolescents' life satisfaction even more than adolescents' relationships with peers (Diener & Diener, 1995;Proctor et al., 2008).Parenting that is full of warmth, support, and autonomy is often associated with higher life satisfaction, whereas parenting that is controlling, overly restrictive, and inconsistent in its application is associated with lower life satisfaction (Lavrič & Naterer, 2020;Raboteg-Saric & Sakic, 2014;Suldo & Huebner, 2004).
In research conducted by Azra (2017), it is said that one of the factors affecting life satisfaction in adolescents is the quality of adolescents' relationships with parents as well as adolescents' empathy and judgment towards their parents.In coercion parenting, which focuses on excessive restrictions and regulations, this can cause conflict between adolescents and their parents, thus affecting their life satisfaction.
The second determinant is specific events, explained by the possibility that individuals are faced with things such as economic conditions where one is needy or prosperous, individual survival conditions that require attacking or sheltering, environmental conditions that make individuals alone or have many social relationships, environmental conditions whether individuals feel embarrassed or honored, daily routines whether individuals live routine or challenging lives, conditions where individuals feel they are bad or good, and other conditions (Veenhoven, 1996).
The third determinant is the flow of experiences that have been faced by individuals such as experiences of having ambitions or being saturated, experiences of feeling anxious or safe, experiences of being lonely or loving, experiences of being rejected or respected, experiences of being bored or enthusiastic, experiences of being reluctant or enthusiastic, and others (Veenhoven, 1996).
The last determinant is the evaluation of life which is obtained from the assessment process through a comparison between a good standard of living and his current life (Veenhoven, 1996).In adolescents, Piaget said that they are just starting to be able to do hypothetico-deductive reasoning which means they are starting to be able to form hypotheses or predictions that might occur after certain events (Berk, 2018), this makes adolescents begin to develop hypotheses of ideal things that should happen to them.The comparison between the ideal things they think should happen and what they feel in their lives today is their life satisfaction.
This idealized adolescent thought process is often a source of adolescent criticism of their current life (Berk, 2018).This also affects the relationship between adolescents and their parents and can lead to conflict (Berk, 2018).This can also make parenting a major influence on adolescents' life satisfaction.As previously stated, various previous studies have proven that parenting and life satisfaction are related in adolescents.Parenting that is full of warmth, support, and granting autonomy is often associated with higher life satisfaction, on the contrary, parenting with regulation, excessive restrictions, as well as inconsistency in applying parenting is associated with lower life satisfaction (Lavrič & Naterer, 2020;Raboteg-Saric & Sakic, 2014;Suldo & Huebner, 2004).This is in line with the results of this study.Keep in mind that coercion parenting is parenting with excessive restrictions and rules, so this needs to be avoided because it can reduce life satisfaction in adolescents.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is a significant negative relationship between parenting and life satisfaction in adolescents in Indonesia.So that the higher adolescents perceive their parents apply coercion parenting, the lower their life satisfaction.