ILLOCUTIONARY ACT IN FINDING DORY FILM

This study aims to find out the illocutionary acts uttered by the characters in the Finding Dory film based on Searle's theory and to identify the function of illocutionary acts uttered by the characters in the Finding Dory film based on Leech's theory. This study was conducted to further discuss how the characters convey the meaning from the utterances or dialogues. The utterances or dialogues convey the meaning that has a function that can turn speech into action. The forms of illocutionary acts represented by the characters in Finding Dory film were analyzed using the illocutionary acts by Searle's theory and also identified the function of illocutionary acts. This study was descriptive qualitative because the data were the utterances of the characters in the Finding Dory film. there were three-step that the researcher followed to complete this study. The first step is for the researcher selected the utterances or dialogues by three characters, which are Dory, Marlin, and Nemo in the Finding Dory film that contains illocutionary acts and categorized them; then the researcher identified the function. The second step is the researcher presented the findings by using the descriptive method. The last step is for the researcher to conclude from the findings. In this research, the researcher reveals that a good conversation can be called successful if each character can understand the meaning of the utterances conveyed by each other. In the Finding Dory film, the researcher found three types of illocutionary acts; they are assertive, directive, and expressive, and thus, the three types of functions of illocutionary acts; are collaborative, competitive, and convivial by the character’s utterances or dialogues.


A. INTRODUCTION
The speech act is one of the topics of pragmatics because it has an important role in the study of communication.Communication is a conversation that can be described as an activity of exchanging utterances between participants in which the meanings or messages are being conveyed through them (Seken,51).In their environment, many utterances appeared by people such as; requesting, ordering, thanking, promising, refusing, asserting, threatening, etc.When conversations occur between some people, several factors can help the conversation become clearer, such as, how the person conveys their feeling.In practice, according to Austin (12), all the sentences do not only describe or report something.In conversation, people do not only speak but there is action behind it.
According to Austin in Yule (48), there are three types of speech acts.First, locutionary act is roughly equivalent to uttering a certain sentence with a certain sense, reference, 'meaning' in the traditional sense; second, an illocutionary act as utterance that has a certain (conventional) force; and third, perlocutinary act as what a speaker brings about or achieve by saying something.The illocutionary act is interesting to be analyzed to understand the function of utterances and the intended meaning of utterances.According to Searle (21), an illocutionary act is the purpose and function of a speech act.Searle divides illocutionary into five categories: assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative.According to Leech (58), the function of the illocutionary act is divided into four categories: competitive, convivial, collaborative, and conflictive.Competitive aims at competing with social purposes.Convivial aims in compliance with social purposes.Collaborative aims at ignoring social purposes.Conflictive aims at conflict against social purposes.Then, the researcher focused on the function of the illocutionary act in the characters' utterances.
Illocutionary act often occurs in daily life such as when greeting, thanking, apologizing, and others, to communicate with each other.The illocutionary act also occurs in a literary work.Such as drama, novels, short stories, and films.One of the most frequent illocutionary acts appears in a film.When watching a film we will hear conversations between characters and we can also see the actions that characters do when saying something.So, we can find out the illocutionary act that occurs through the characters in a film.Therefore, the researcher wants to analyze illocutionary acts in literary works like the film.The Finding Dory film is very interesting to analyze because it is an animated film whose characters are fish that can talk and act like humans.The characters can also give expression in their speech and actions like humans.That's what makes the researcher want to analyze the illocutionary acts in speech and dialogue delivered by three characters, namely Dory, Nemo, and Marlin.The Illocutionary acts can help us to know the meaning of the speech of the characters and we can find out the function of the characters' utterances in the film.As in everyday life, if there is a conversation going on that sometimes causes misunderstandings and makes the speaker and listener not understand each other the meaning and function of the speech delivered, the conversation will become a misunderstanding.Therefore, we must understand the types and functions of illocutionary acts so that there is no misunderstanding between the speaker and the listener.
As the object of this research, the researcher chooses a film entitled Finding Dory because the researcher wants to know about several types of illocutionary in this film.In addition, the researcher focuses on analyzing the utterances of three characters namely Dory, Marlin, and Nemo, which contain the illocutionary acts in this film.The researcher also analyzes what the function of the illocutionary act was implied by the utterances of those three characters.
Finding Dory film was released on June 16, 2016, by Walt Disney Pictures, and directed by Andrew Stanton.The duration of this film is about an hour and thirty-seven minutes.The film genres are comedy, drama, and adventure.Finding Dory film is an animated film, which tells the story of a fish, named Dory, who travels across the ocean to find her parents.The researchers chooses and analyzes this film, because the characters can be accepted of various ages and because this film is presented in an animated form which is very interesting, that is made in the form of animation with a sea background and the character is a fish that can talk and act like humans.
In the end, the researcher analyzes what illocutionary acts from the utterances of characters in the Finding Dory film.The researcher only focused on the utterances of the three characters in this film namely Dory, Marlin, and Nemo.The researcher uses Searle's theory to help to analyze the types of illocutionary acts.In addition, the researcher also used Leech's theory as a supporting theory to analyze the function of illocutionary acts in characters' utterances.

B. LITERATURE REVIEW 1.
Speech Act According to Austin (94), state that speech act is a theory in which to say something is to do something.It means that when someone says something, he or she is not only saying something but also using it to do things or perform in the act.The speech act is divided speech act into three categories; locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.a.
Locutionary Acts A locutionary act is briefly understood as an act of saying something.Yule (48) explains that the locutionary act is the basic act of utterance to produce a meaningful linguistic expression, when doing this kind of acts, the speaker says something directly to the hearer and ignores any intended meaning of their utterance.b.
Illocutionary Acts To make a successful communication, the speakers have to give a purpose to their utterances.Austin (116), states that when we are doing a speech, we will do it in many various ways and for many purposes.The acts of request, declaration, promise, and warning have a different way to be uttered.The speakers have to see an appropriate condition to do this kind of act.c.
Perlocutionary Acts A perlocutionary act is the act of affecting someone.The effect of the utterance can bring someone else to do what is said by the speaker.They tend to talk to make others do what the speaker means.The three levels of speech act can be used to analyze utterances of humans in communication.
Assertive Assertive or also known as representative is an act of representing something based on what the speaker believes about the world.Searle (28) defined assertive as a purpose to commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition.Yule (53) stated the speaker represents the world as the speaker's believed, "in using representative, the speaker makes words fit the world".Assertive include asserting, describing, concluding, affirming, alleging, announcing, answering, confirming, conjecturing, denying, disagreeing, disputing, identifying, informing, insisting, stating, stipulating.

b.
Directive Searle (28) defined directive speech act as the illocutionary point of these consists in the fact that they are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.Yule (54) stated that these acts express what the speaker wants, and the speaker attempts to make the world fit the words via the hearer.Directives include requesting, commanding, questioning, advising, asking, begging, forbidding, instructing, ordering, permitting, requiring, suggesting, and warning.

c.
Commissive According to Searle (29), commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.Yule (54) stated that these acts express what the speaker intends to do.By means of commisives the speaker undertakes to make the world via the speaker.Commisives include comprising promising, threatening, offering, agreeing, guaranteeing, inviting, swearing, and volunteering.

d.
Expressive Searle (30) states "The illocutionary point of this class is to express the psychological state specified in the sincerity condition about a state of affairs specified in the propositional content".These acts involve the psychological states of the speaker.Yule (53) stated that when performing these acts the speaker wakes the words fit the world or feelings.Expressive include thanking, apologizing, welcoming, congratulating, condoling, greeting, and accepting.

e.
Declarative According to Searle (31), declarations bring about some alteration in the status or condition of the referred-to object or objects solely in virtue of the fact that the declaration has been successfully performed.Yule (53) stated that the speaker has to have an institutional role in a specific context when employing these acts.Declarative include war, christening, marrying, and firing from employment.

3.
Function of Illocutionary Acts a.
Competitive Function The competitive function of an illocutionary act refers to the case when its goal in the social interaction not only departs from but also competes with the social goal in the sense that they act as such has the potential to degrade the relationship between the speakers and the hearer.This is because the act conveyed by the speaker may either impose on or cause an offense to the hearer, such as ordering, asking, demanding, and begging as an imposing illocutionary act.Also criticizing, refusing, and disagreeing is an offensive illocutionary act (Leech,104).

b. Convivial Function
The convivial function of an illocutionary act refers to the case in which the illocutionary goal of the act is coincident with the social goal of social interaction.This coincidence between the illocutionary goal and the social goal signifies that the act does not have any potential to ruin the speaker-listener relationship.The relationship to the extent to which the addressee's feeling is served and cared for, such as offering, inviting, greeting, thanking, and congratulating.It is in themselves socially supportive, which naturally establishes and maintains a good relationship between the speaker and the hearer (Leech, 104).

c. Collaborative Function
The collaborative function of an illocutionary act refers to the case when the illocutionary goal of the act neither departs from nor moves toward the social goal of communication.That is the illocutionary goal is indifferent to the social goal in the sense that the illocutionary act does not have the potential to damage the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, as well as asserting, reporting, announcing, and instructing.It commits the speaker to the truth of expressed proposition (Leech, 104).

d. Conflictive Function
The conflictive function of an illocutionary act refers to the case in which the illocutionary goal conflicts with the social goal of communication.Acts with conflictive functions are intrinsically impolite as they are naturally designed to be offensive toward the addressee.It must be noted that cases of social interaction in which conflictive acts occur are rare, like threatening, accusing, cursing, and reprimanding (Leech, 104).

C. RESEARCH METHOD 1. Research Design
The researcher used qualitative research methods to analyze this study.The researcher analyzed illocutionary acts related to this research data, where the findings present data and facts about illocutionary acts that occur in the data.

Data and Data Source
The data for this research were the dialogues or the utterances in form of words, phrases, and sentences on three characters namely Dory, Marlin, and Nemo, which were correlated with the illocutionary act in Finding Dory film.The data source of this analysis was the script of the Finding.Dory film which was taken from the internet.

Data Collection
The method that used for collecting the data was observation.The researcher observed the object of the analysis by read the film script and watched the film and took notes about the data that related to the analysis.After got the notes, the researcher selected characters' utterances and categorize the characters' utterances that contain illocutionary acts.

Data Analysis
The researcher analyzed the data by using three qualitative data procedures: data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing, or verification (Miles and Huberman,(10)(11).a.
Data Reduction In data reduction, the researcher selected and categorized the data based on kinds of illocutionary acts; which were assertive, directives, commissives, expressive, and declarative by John R. Searle.Then, the researcher identified the function of the illocutionary act which implied by the characters' utterances by used Leech's theory.b.
Data Display In this step, the data was presented in the form of a table and descriptions.The researcher presented the data that has been analyzed based on John R. Searle's theory and the functions of the illocutionary act that were implied by the characters' utterances based on Leech's theory.c.

Conclusion Drawing
In this step, after the data has been reduced and presented, the researcher concluded the overall data which were explained in the previous discussion based on the research questions.
Assertive Assertive is an act of expressing something based on the speaker's belief.In the utterances of the three characters in the Finding Dory film; there is an assertive.illocutionary act, which is the illocutionary act in the dialogue and sentences by the characters.There are utterances identified as informing, stating, describing, and concluding.
Data 1 Young Dory: Hi, I'm dory.I suffer from short-term remember loss.Jenni : Yes.
(Finding Dory, 00:00:49,342 -00:00:56,097) The characters in the dialogue were Dory and Jenny.They were just met each other.Dory greeted Jenny and said she was looking for something but she forgot.The utterance above explained that Dory was introducing herself and informing about her memory to Jenny while saying "I suffer from short-term remember loss".Dory's utterance is an illocutionary act which type is assertive in the form of information. b.
Commissive Commissive is the speaker wants to do action in the future.In the utterances of the three characters in the Finding Dory film; there is a commissive.illocutionary act, which is the illocutionary act in the dialogue and sentences by the characters.There are utterances identified as agreeing, promising, commanding, and refussing.
(Finding Dory, 00:27:54,424 -00:27:55,724) The characters in the dialogue were Hank and Dory.It happened when Hank told Dory to go save his friends who were still in the small aquarium.Hank told Dory to choose one of the aquariums she would jump into.Dory agreed with Hank, that she must choose the right place to save her friends, as she said "Okay".The word okay explained that Dory agreed with what Hank said.Dory's utterance is an illocutionary act of commissive types in the form of agreeing, because it was clear that Dory agreed with what Hank said.c.
Directive A directive is a speech act that speakers use to get someone else to do something.In the utterances of the three characters in Finding Dory film, there is a directive illocutionary act, which is the illocutionary act in the dialogue and sentences by the characters.There are utterances identified as asking, reminding, questioning, ordering, begging, and warning.
Data 15 Marlin: You weren't exactly with the class.Dory : Oh.Why not?Marlin: Well, you know, you have problems remembering things sometimes.
(Finding Dory, 00:08:42,904 -00:08:47,321) The characters in the dialog were Marlin and Dory.It happened when Marlin remind Dory that she cannot make it to the class, because Marlin knew Dory have a short-terms memories and she cannot remember something very good.The utterance above explained that Marlin remind Dory about her short-terms memories, as he said "Well, you know, you have problems remembering things sometime".Marlin's utterance is an illocutionary act which type is directive in the form of reminding, because in this dialogue Marlin remind Dory that she have short-terms memory.

d.
Expressive Expressive is the speech acts that state what the speaker feels.In the utterances of the three characters in the Finding Dory film, there is an expressive illocutionary act, which is the illocutionary act in the dialogue and sentences by the characters.There are utterances identified as thanking and apologizing.
Data 13 Dory : Uh-uh.It went this way-it went this way!Follow me! Marlin : Thank you, thank you, thank you so much!(Finding Dory,00:06:38,318) The characters in the dialogue were Dory and Marlin.Marlin said thank you when Dory helped him to go to Nemo's place.Marlin begged to Dory to let him follow her to go together.At that time, Marlin wanted to help Dory to see her parents.The utterance above explained that Marlin stated something, as he said, "Thank you, thank you, thank you so much!".Marlin's utterance is an illocutionary act which type is expressive in the form of thanking.Marlin expressed his feeling to said thank you to Dory because she helped him to find the way to Nemo's place.

Function of Illocutionary Acts
Leech (104) also explains that illocutionary acts are divided into four functions: competitive, convivial, collaborative, and conflictive.a.

Competitive
The competitive function of an illocutionary act refers to the case when its goals in social interaction is not only departing, but also compete with social goals in the sense that the action has the potential to damage the relationship between the speaker and the hearer.However, it can be repaired or reduces in such a way, depending on the circumstances at hand, so that the potential damage can be reduced to certain extent.
Data 15 Marlin : You weren't exactly with the class.Dory : Oh.Why not?Marlin : Well, you know, you have problems remembering things sometimes.(Finding Dory, 00:08:42,904 -00:08:47,321) The Marlin's utterance "Well, you know, you have problems remembering things sometimes."indicated the competitive function of criticizing, because it was intended to produce the effect of thought actions by the hearer that were not in accordance with social goals but can be improved or reduced in such a way, depending on the circumstances that would be faced next.The competition between the illocutionary goal and the social goal indicated that the action had the potential to damage the relationship between the speaker and the hearer.Hence, the competitive function needed to be improved in order to keep the speaker and the hearer in a good relationship.

b. Collaborative
The collaborative function of an illocutionary act refers to the illocutionary goal of being different to social goals in the sense that the illocutionary act has no potential to damage the relationship between the speaker and the hearer.This collaborative function refers the case when the illocutionary act in the midst of a social goal.The collaborative function is an action used when the relationship between participants is expected to be at the same level.This emphasizes that both the action has no tendency to damage the relationship and also has no desire to improve the relationship between the speaker and the hearer.

Data 13 Dory
: A boat? Hey, I've seen a boat.Marlin : You have?Dory : Yes.(Finding Dory, 00:0:36,314 -00:06:38,396) Dory's utterance "Hey, I've seen a boat" indicates the collaborative function of telling because it commits the speaker to the truth expressed in the form of stating and aims to ignore social goals.This collaborative function refers to the case when the illocutionary acts in the mid of a social goal.The collaborative function is an action that is used when the relationship between participants is expected to be at the same level.This emphasizes that the two actions do not have a tendency to damage the relationship and also have no desire to improve the relationship between the speaker and the hearer.

c. Convivial
The convivial is the function of an illocutionary act refers to the case in which the illocutionary goal of the act is coincident with the social goal of social interaction.This coincidence between the illocutionary goal and the social goal signifies that the act does not have any potential to ruin the speaker and the hearer relationship.The relationship to the extent to which the addresses feeling is served and cared for.Therefore, the convivial function do not need to be redressed in their concern about maintaining the speaker and the hearer in good relationship.

Data 62
Hank : Pick one!Dory : Okay.(Finding Dory, 00:27:54,424 -00:27:55,724) The Dory's utterance "Okay"indicated the convivial function of agreeing because it is of manners that are intended for sociability and it aims in compliance with the social purpose.The congruence between the illocutionary goal and the social goal indicates that the action does not have the potential to damage the relationship between the speaker and the hearer.The relationship is the extent to which the other person's feeling are served and cared for.Hence, the convivial function does not need to be fixed in their concern about keeping the speaker and the hearer in good relationship.

Discussion
This research is concern with the utterances of three characters, namely Dory, Marlin, and Nemo in the dialogues or sentences throughout the Finding Dory film script.
To answer the first research question which is concerned with the types of illocutionary acts based on Searle's theory, there are five types of illocutionary acts; assertive, commissive, directive, expressive, and declarative.Thus, to answer the second research question which concerned with the functions of illocutionary acts based on Leech's theory, there are four functions; competitive, collaborative, convivial, and conflictive.
To answer the first research question, after collecting data, the researcher found that there were four types in the utterances of three characters, namely Dory, Marlin, and Nemo in the Finding Dory film.There are, Assertive (informing, stating, describing, and concluding), directive (asking, reminding, questioning, ordering, begging, and warning), commissive (agreeing, promissing, commanding, and refusing), and expressive (apologizing and thanking).Therefore, there are ninety-two data found by the researcher as categories types of illocutionary acts.
Based on these findings, the declarative type does not appear in the utterances of the three characters in the Finding Dory film.Searle (30) states that the declarative in the speaker's speech needs to be done by someone who has the power or authority to do so so that the propositional content corresponds to the world.In Finding Dory film, the three main characters do not have the power or authority to change reality with their words.The data was selected by identifying the dialogues or statements of the three characters in the Finding Dory film.
Moreover, to answer the second research question, after categorizing the types of illocutionary acts identified from the utterances of three characters, namely Dory, Marlin, and Nemo in the Finding Dory film, the researcher found that there are three functions of illocutionary acts, competitive (requesting, asking, criticizing, questioning, commanding, ordering, begging, and refusing), collaborative (asserting, telling, and reporting), and convivial (greeting, agreeing, apologizing, promissing, thanking, and inviting).Therefore, there are eighty-eight data found by the researcher as a functions of illocutionary acts identified in the utterances of three characters, namely Dory, Marlin, and Nemo in the Finding Dory film.
Furthermore, on these findings, the conflictive function does not appear in the utterances of the three characters in the Finding Dory film.Leech (104) states that the conflictive function aims to conflict with social goals.The conflictive function has not appeared in the speeches of the three characters in the film Finding Dory because the conflictive function occurs when the illocutionary purpose conflicts with social goals such as threatening, accusing, cursing, and reprimanding.The data was selected by identifying the dialogues or statements of the three characters in the Finding Dory film.
In addition, relating with the findings of this research, several previously studied kinds of research also focused on finding illocutionary types in different literatures.The differences are related to the object of the study and the specification of the study's focus.However, those previous studies have several mutual results.
The previously studied research which was also mentioned in chapter two was by Fita NurRahayu (2018) entitled "Illocutionary Acts in the Main Characters' Utterance in Mirror Mirror Movie".In her study, she found five types of illocutionary acts defined by Yule (1996) in the movie with a total of fifty-five data.In her conclusion, she stated that she found the types of illocutionary acts identified in the utterances of the main character in the Mirror Mirror movie.Similar to this research, AninListya K. ( 2015) with thesis entitled "Analysis of Illocutionary Actions in President Joko Wikodo's Speech".Anin found a total of one hundred and thirteen data of illocutionary acts and the functions defined by Yule (1996).Anin also concluded that the types of illocutionary acts will not be separated from their function in the utterances to produce the actions to be performed.Apart from previous studies, the researcher of this study also realized that in studying illocutionary acts, the function of the illocutionary acts cannot be ignored.As a result, Fita and Anin's study helped strengthen the argument about the types of illocutionary acts and the function of illocutionary acts.
From the discussion above, the researcher concludes that from studying the types and functions of illocutionary found, illocutionary and its functions can be used to perform actions through speech.The similarities between this research and those previous research are the types of illocutionary acts and the functions of illocutionary acts found in this research.Meanwhile, the difference finding between this research and those previous studies is on the focus of the research.The researchers in previous studies analyzed the type and context of illocutionary acts.Therefore this research is concerned with analyzing the types of illocutionary acts and the functions of illocutionary acts by the three character utterances in Finding Dory film.The researcher also analyzes a difference object, which is an animated film.

E. CONCLUSION
The question of this research is about the types and the function of illocutionary acts in the Finding Dory film by the characters utterances.This question was analyzed based on Searle's theory about the types of illocutionary acts and also Leech's theory about the function of illocutionary acts.
In this research, the researcher found out that there are four types of illocutionary acts found in the three main characters' utterances in the Finding Dory film.They are assertive, directive, commissive, and expressive.There were ninety-two utterances found in the illocutionary act category; which were utterances that include assertive (informing, stating, describing, and concluding), utterances that include directives (asking, reminding, questioning, ordering, warning, and begging), that include commissive (agreeing, promising, commanding, and refusing) and utterances that included expressive (thanking and apologizing).
Moreover, there were also eighty-eight utterances are carried out in the category function of illocutionary acts; there are utterances included in the collaborative function which aim to ignore social goals, utterances included in the competitive function which aim to compete with social goals, and utterances included in the convivial function which aims to socialize or cooperate with social goals.In addition, it is also can be concluded that illocutionary acts have an illocutionary function that is tied to the social purpose of the utterances of the three main characters in the Finding Dory film.A good conversation occur if the speaker and the listener understanding each other's meaning and accepted the meaning, so there is no misunderstanding in the conversation or in the actions.