A SYNTATICAL ANALYSIS OF PHRASES USED IN JOSH GROBAN SONG LYRICS

This study is about a syntactic analysis on sentences in the song lyrics of Josh Groban by using tree diagram theory. Thus, the aims of this study are (1) To find out the types of the phrases used in Josh Groban song lyrics (2) To find out the sentence patterns used in Josh Groban song lyrics. The object of this study is Josh Groban song lyrics which entitled “You Raise Me Up”. The method of this study is qualitative analysis. The technique of collecting the data is by using 3 steps. The 3 steps are: (1) preparing and organizing, (2) coding, and (3) representing the data. Finally, the findings of this study are as follows; (1) there are 3 types of phrases, they are 7 Noun Phrase (NP), 9 adverbial phrases (AP), and 9 verb phrases (VP). (2) There are 3 sentence patterns in Josh Groban song lyrics, they are; (1) S = N+VP (2) S1+Conj.+S2 (S1 = N+V, S2 = N+VP) (3) S1+Conj.+S2 (S1 = N+VP, S2 = N+VP)


INTRODUCTION
In daily life, we must always communicate to the other person.Such as, when we meet the other people in any place, when we talk about something important, even when we area at home, etc.The main instrument of doing the communication is language.Without language, we will be confused in doing the communication in society, in sharing our idea, and also expressing our feeling.It means that we can expand our skill.By using the language, we can do anything, for examples; we can write, deliver oral presentation, or analyze sentences, song lyrics, or movie.
Based on KBBI, "Language is a communication media in the form of a sound emblem system obtained from human-speaking media".Therefore, in order to use the language, people need to produce a sentence.According to George (2006:3), "sentence means a group of words used to say something, to ask something, or to tell somebody to do something".Basically, a sentence contains of a subject and a verb.It means that, to create a sentence, there must be at least one subject and one verb.In linguistics, there are some branches studied.One of the branches is syntax.Chomsky (2002:11) states that "Syntax means a study of how a sentence constructed in a certain language."Further, according to Yule (1996:4) "Syntax is a study about the relationship among linguistic forms; how they are organized in sequence, and which sequences are well formed".
Of the two defenitions of syntax stated by the experts above, it can be summarized that syntax is the study of how to arrange the words, the phrases, and the clauses which form sentences, then, paragraph based on grammatical rules.In syntax, to analyze the sentences it is known by using tree diagram theories.According to Carnie (2000:31), "tree diagram means a way to analyze a sentence by using internal hierarchical structure of sentence."While, "Sentence itself is the principal unit of syntactic analysis which is easier to see the parts of (phrases) and sub part (part of speech) of the sentence in tree diagram" (Bornstein, 1977:48).Sometimes, a sentence has an ambiguous meaning so it makes the meaning of that sentence is not clear.A tree diagram of syntax can help to understand the structural of the sentence.
To express someone's feeling, he/she sometimes expresses from a song.By listening to the music, or singing a song, some people may feel happy or sad defending on the song.Every country has different types of music.There are Dangdut, Pop, Jazz, Rock, etc.For this Study, the writer focuses on the English pop song sung by Josh Groban.The title of the song is "YOU RAISE ME UP".This song was created by Rolf Undset Lovland and Brendan Graham.It was actually intended for Rolf Lovland's mother who has brought him up and strengthened him in his life.Then, this song is well known in 2003.
The writer chooses this song because the lyrics are not so long and the song has a deep meaning to give spirit to everyone.As we discussed before that language can be also expressed by music.Someone can communicate by using music; in this case song lyric as his/her expression.The listeners usually understand with what the singers sing.However, music has an important role in making the situation of people more relax.Finally, in this study, the writer tries to explain more about syntax itself.Then, the writer tries to analyze the lyrics of "YOU RAISE ME UP" song based on the types of phrases and sentence patterns used by using tree diagram theory.The writer uses tree diagram theory because this theory is not only a method usually used by linguists and other academic professionals for diagramming sentences but also it is an easy way to make the readers understand.Then, the writer formulates the problems as follows; (1) What are the types of the phrases used in Josh Groban song lyrics?(2) What is the sentence patterns used in Josh Groban song lyrics?Thus, the objective of the problem is related to the identification of the problem.It is (1) To find out the types of the phrases used in Josh Groban song lyrics (2) To find out the sentence patterns used in Josh Groban song lyrics.

Concept of Sentences
Traditional grammar defines a sentence in one of two ways, by the meaning and the function (Marcella, 1972:220).By the meaning "sentence means a complete thought", and by the function "a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate".It can be concluded that sentence is a complete thought that consists of subject and predicate.A sentence can also consist of one or more clauses.A clause may be defined in the same way as a sentence, and it is full predication that clause consists of a subject and a predicate.
There are two kinds of clauses, independent and dependent.Independent clause is a group of words that contains of a subject plus verb and expresses a complete thought while dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb, but does not express a complete thought.

Types of Sentences a) Simple Sentence
A simple sentence consists of one main clause or Independent clause which has a subject and a verb give a complete meaning.A simple sentence should have the components below; they are: 1) It must have a subject and a verb 2) It must Express a complete thought, and 3) It must have only one clause.Examples of simple sentences are: 1) Ben climbs the tree 2) The frog jumped in the pond 3) The store opens everyday.

b) Compound Sentence
As the name itself, compound means combination.This means compound sentences are long sentences consisting of a combined 2 or more clauses.What should be noted here is that the second set of clauses has its own independence.It means that like two clauses are separated, each is still biased to understand the meaning and meaning.The two clauses are referred to as Independent Clauses.Examples of compound sentences are: 1) I tried to study Math, and my friends tried to study English.
2) I like banana, but my friend likes apple.
3) My mother cooks soup, so I do not eat at a restaurant.
The 3 examples of compound sentences above are all combined from the same two main clauses.The merger of the two clauses is done with the help of the presence of the words "and", "but", and "so".These kinds of conjunctions are referred to as Coordinators.There are several sentence coordinators namely for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

c) Complex Sentence
Complex means complicated or not simple.Surely this type of sentence consists of several clauses so the process of the clause is not the same as in compound sentences.Complex sentences consist of two or more clauses, one of which becomes the main clause (Independent clause) and the other becomes a subordinat (dependent clause).This means, the subordinate clause will not have a perfect meaning as separated from the main clause.Examples of complex sentences are: 1) The students are doing the homework because they will submit it tomorrow.
2) The teacher will return the homework after he notices the error.
3) We know the man whom you were talking to yesterday Note.The 3 examples of complex sentences above, all consists of two clauses.The merger is helped by what we call subordinators such as the words "because", "since", "after", "although", and "when" as in sentences number 1 and 2 above.While merging sentence number 3 uses Relative Pronoun such as the words "who", "whom", "which", "whose".

d) Compound Complex Sentences
Compound-complex sentence contains of two or more main clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.For examples: 1) The man stole the car, and he hid it in his home until he could safely get out of town.2) Carol loves her brother, and he loves her too because they are family.

Concept of Phrases
Phrase is a small group of words, but it is not a sentence.Phrase also can be analyzed into constituents, each with a function and realization.The head of a phrase is realized by a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, or preposition (Verspoor & Sauter, 2009:119).

4.
Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase a) Noun Phrase (NP) Noun phrase consists of two or more words that has a noun as the head word and the other words as a modifier of the head word.It can be a noun, determiner or article, adjective, etc. Noun phrase can be in the forms as the follows: NP → N (book, pen) NP → Pronoun (she, he, it) NP → Proper N (Carol, Semarang) NP → Det + N (the book, a car) NP → NP + S (the girl who is wearing a red dress) NP → The girl S → The girl is wearing a red dress Some examples NP in sentence: 1) The man hit the ball.
2) The teacher speaks to the boy.

b) Verb Phrase (VP)
Verb phrase contains a verb as the head word, and it will be modified by the other words, like noun phrase, prepositional phrases, and so on.For examples: 1) They are going to campus.
2) He will study in USA.

Tree Diagram Theory a) S → NP + VP
Tree Diagram is one of the most common ways to produce a visual representation of syntactic structure.
According to Bornstein (1977:39), a tree diagram shows the hierarchical structure of the sentence.The sentence is regarded the basic of the syntactic system.Bornstein starts with "S" stands for sentence, the highest level, and works down to lower level.This process is called derivational of the sentence.The steps of derivational in the sentences are: 2) NP consists of Det (determiner/article) and N 3) VP consists of Aux plus V and NP 4) Aux consists of Tense and M (modal)

C. METHODOLOGY
This study uses descriptive qualitative research.The result of this qualitative study is in the form of description.The purpose of qualitative study is to understand something specifically, not always looking for the course and effect of something and to deepen comprehension about something studied.In this study, the writer analyzes a song lyric to find the phrases used.Afterward, the writer presents the factual result systematically, so it can be understood easily.
In this study, the writer used field note as the technique of collecting data.Field notes are contemporaneous notes of observations or conversation taken during the conduct of qualitative research.The writer used Josh Groban song lyrics as the primary data.There are three steps in analyzing the data.There are: preparing and organizing, coding, and representing the data.In this study, the writer followed those three steps in technique of data analysis.

1.
Preparing and Organizing a) The writer downloaded the song that is sung by Josh Groban entitled You Raise Me Up. b) The writer also searched the lyrics of the song in order to make the analysis of the phrases easier.c) The writer re-wrote the lyrics.d) After that, the writer analyzed the lyrics line by line, than coding the lyrics.

Coding
The second step was to list the phrases to be analyzed.After finding the phrase used in the lyrics, the writer put the code on the sentence.The codes are:

3.
Representing the Data In the final step, the writer made a table from the lyrics and the phrases found in Josh Groban song lyrics.After that, the writer showed the tree diagram of the phrases used in lyrics.For the last phase in this step, the writer found several sentence patterns used in Josh Groban song lyrics.Based on the problem statement above, the tree diagrams would prove the phrases used in Josh Groban song lyrics.

D. FINDING AND DISCUSSION 1. Presentation of Data
You Raise Me Up When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary; When troubles come and my heart burdened be; Then, I am still and wait here in the silence, Until you come and sit awhile with me.
You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains; You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas; I am strong, when I am on your shoulders; You raise me up... To more than I can be.
There is no life -no life without its hunger; Each restless heart beats so imperfectly; But when you come and I am filled with wonder, Sometimes, I think I glimpse eternity.

Analysis of Using Tree Diagram
In this section, the writer tries to analyze the song lyrics.Firstly, the writer tries to analyze the phrases found in the song lyrics.Of the table above, it can be concluded that there are 12 sentences of the song lyrics "You Raise Me Up by Josh Gorban".Of the 12 sentences above, there are 5 complex sentences, 3 Simple sentences, and 3 Compound Sentence.One sentence more is only Subordinate Clause.Secondly, the writer tries to analyze the sentence based on tree diagram.however, the writer only analyzes 3 sentences.You raise me up... To more than I can be.

E. CONCLUSION
According to the data analysis and the discussion before, the writer would like to convoy the conclusions of this study as follows:

1.
From the result of the analysis data of the lyrics, the writer has found 3 types of phrases used in Josh Groban's song lyrics, those are: Of the "You Raise Me Up" lyric song, it can be concluded that there are 7 noun phrases, 9 adverbial phrases, and 9 verb phrases.

a)
Each restless heart beats so imperfectly; (Line 10) Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is Simple Sentence.It is because the sentence only has one main clause, or one Subject (Each restless heart) and one Verb (beats).Then, the sentence pattern of the tree diagram above is as below; S-----NP + V + Adv.P b) You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains (Line 5)Based on the tree diagram above, the type of the sentence is Compound Sentence.It is because the sentence has two main clauses, or two Subjects (You and I) and two Verbs (raise and can stand).Both sentences are joined by a conjunction so.Then, the sentence pattern of the tree diagram above is as below;